◆Wheel-like design in the biological world
At the end of my last post, I wrote: “Now it seems to me that the Planet Earth, with its eight billion people and diverse flourishing cultures, is essentially ‘Planet Chakra’. So much so, that Chakra design has become a universal motif, overflowing into our world”.
So why is it that the ‘wheel-chakra-like’ circular-radial design is so universally appealing to people, and is spun again and again from the depths of their hearts?
Perhaps this is because the Chakra design is omnipresent in Nature and Universe we inhabit.
It has probably captured the human mind first and foremost as a beautifully blooming plant flower that enriches our hearts and minds along with the evolution of human sensitivity. Its centripetal design, radiating out from the centre, has attracted our souls beyond mere colourful beauty.
In an earlier post, I wrote that in India, the lotus flower was superimposed on a spoked wheel, giving rise to the ‘lotus flower wheel’ design. However, if you think about it again, many flowers have chakra designs, such as the sunflower above, cosmos, chrysanthemums and marguerites, and there are countless other flowers that have a “wheel-like circular-radial” shape with the perfection that is much more pleasing to the eye than a lotus flower.
Incidentally, the name of the flower above, cosmos, etymologically means ‘order, beauty and harmony’, the same as “Cosmos”, which represents the universe. There is an interesting coincidence with the meaning of the Indian word “Dharma”.
When we think of ‘cosmos’, the first thing that comes to mind is flowers, but strangely enough, we also use the word ‘Cosmos’ to describe the universe. Flowers and the universe… Where is the connection?
Article of Romio Shibayama, from Tenki.jp
The word ‘Cosmos’ comes from the Greek word ‘kosmos’. It means ‘order’, ‘beauty’ or ‘harmony’.
We use ‘Cosmos’ when we see the universe as a unified, harmonious order. It may be easier to understand if we say that it is an antonym for ‘chaos’.
Looking further afield, chakra design was not limited to flowers. Many fruits, especially citrus fruits! grow and develop in a circular radial pattern from the centre and show a beautiful order of chakra design when sliced. Watermelons and pumpkins have even the outward appearance of chakra design itself.
In an earlier post, I also pointed out that the lotus plant has a beautiful chakra design, not only in its flower, but also in the leaf that develops on the stem, and in the stem and lotus root when sliced. But it was a more or less common providential Dharma, not only in the lotus but in all plants.
Upon further observation, we notice that not only individual parts but the entire plant as a whole, from grass to towering trees, fundamentally grows and unfolds in a circular-radial pattern emanating from the root.
The orderly geometric pattern particularly evident in cacti and other succulents, is beautiful in a kind of microcosmic way, similar to the auspicious chakra patterns that have developed spectacularly in India.
Other commonly used everyday materials, such as wood and bamboo, also naturally have a circular form when their trunks are cut, as do gourds when they are cut and used as tableware (human-made pottery and ceramics are also overwhelmingly circular, due to the use of the potter’s wheel).
Not only plants, but also mushroom caps of various kinds, jellyfish and sea anemones, starfish, sea urchins, corals and many other marine organisms, and even primitive unicellular organisms, have chakra designs that develop in a circular-radial pattern from the centre. That is too numerous to mention.
The most common types of corals exhibit six-fold and eight-fold symmetry, while five-fold symmetry is more prevalent in sea urchins, for example. In any case, the sea is full of chakra designs.
The organisms, such as Arachnoidiscus above, exhibit a beautiful geometric order reminiscent of the meticulous craftsmanship of a divine artisan. And when saying craftsmanship, the spider’s web undoubtedly comes to mind.
How can a spider, which works without thinking, following only its instincts, create such a perfect and beautiful order? It is also a miracle that it is made vertically (like a wheel!) against gravity.
And in fact, beautiful chakra=wheel designs are also manifested on our bodies. The most impressive of these is the ‘eye’.
There, the iris has a beautiful circular shape, radiating out from the dot-shaped pupil in the centre, forming a beautiful chakra design as a whole.
Humans, who are highly dependent on visual information, communicate primarily through eye contact, and since prehistoric times, or even back to the time of the apes, they have established a relationship by looking into each other’s round eyes. The visual impact of this eye shape on the human soul would have been enormous.
Thinking of it, I remember there was an expression of praise for Krishna that refers to his “beautiful eyes resembling blue lotus flowers.” Looking at the image above, if we overlay the pupil at its centre onto the flower’s receptacle and consider the intricate pattern of the iris around it as the stamen and petals, it aligns with the design of the lotus flower wheel, isn’t it?
If you look back at religious chakra design again with this in mind, it will seem like the eye of God.
In Indian tradition, the sun god Surya has often been praised as the ‘eye in the sky all-seeing’. Perhaps, the sun in the circular shape was superimposed as the pupil, and the 360° beam of light emanating from it as the iris.
Rig Veda 1.50.
2. The constellations pass away, like thieves, together with their beams, Before the all-seeing Sun.
Retranslation of Japanese translation by Naoshi Tsuji using AI
6. Surya is the eye, with which the pure god Varuna sees those who act among men.
8. The seven golden horses carry you in your Ratha chariot, O Sun God, who has flaming hair and looks far and wide.
Seeing the circle of light around the sun, known as the halo or corona, is particularly spectacular, as it looks as if the giant eye of an all-seeing God has appeared in the sky, even if you are not an ancient Indian.
Incidentally, the Indian word ‘aksha’, meaning axle, also means ‘eye’. It’s highly likely that the ancient Indians called the sun “Surya Chakra”=the sun wheel and “the eye in the sky that sees everything” because of the triple overlap of sun, wheel and eye.
This rounded eye shape is found not only in humans but also in many other species, including mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, cuttlefish and other molluscs. Although it does not necessarily overlap with the wheel motif in the same way as the human eye, this circular shape shows a high degree of universality.
Interestingly, the world of living creatures has some kind of markings mimicking the eye. It is thought to have evolved to frighten or confuse natural enemies and is particularly well developed in fish and insects.
The circular shapes represented by these eyes would have been etched into the depths of our human souls since time immemorial, literally as eye-catching icons.
So far, we have seen various chakra designs manifested in the world of living creatures that are familiar to us. The structural design resembling the wheel, which starts from the centre and expands radially 360 degrees to form a circle as a whole, can be said to be one universal dharma of providence possessed by the earth as a biosphere. I am sure that many people will agree with me on this point.
I have already discussed the geometric patterns intuited in the depths of meditation, particularly the six-spoked chakra-like vision, in Chapter 2, ‘Indus Seals and Chakra Script‘. I also introduced the chakra symbols of the Native American ‘Vision Quest’ and the Australian Aboriginal ‘Dreamtime’ in my previous article.
It is entirely possible that these geometric chakra designs, which permeate the world in which we live, have been layered into our collective unconscious firmware throughout far long history, and that this has brought up visions of chakras during a deep state of trance in meditation or rituals.
◆The Unfolding of the Physical World in a Circular-Radial Manner
Moving from the biological world to the material world, certain minerals and snowflakes also have exquisite chakra designs.
Although less visible in everyday life, the snowflakes, particularly those based on the hexagon and its inherent diagonal line, have a structure that could be described as the hexagonal or hexagram chakra design itself, developed in India.
The reason why snow crystals are hexagonal is that the water molecule H2O is made up of one oxygen molecule and two hydrogen molecules bonded together at 106.6 degrees, and when these water molecules come together in countless numbers and bond, they naturally form a hexagon.
The human body is composed of approximately 70% water, and all of its molecules have hydrogen arms with an angle of 106.6 degrees. This means that they potentially want to be connected, or used to be connected before, in the shape of a hexagon. It is unlikely that water has memory or consciousness, but could such a ‘latent ability’ possibly generate chakra vision from the depths of the unconscious?
There is another interesting fact about this correlation between water and chakra design. The video below shows a phenomenon called Cymatics, in which a round metal vessel is filled with water and then exposed to sound waves of different frequencies, which create and develop various geometric patterns on the surface of the water in response to the changes in frequency.
I was overwhelmed and fascinated by the variety of circular wheel designs there, but what impressed me the most was the frequent appearance of chakra wheels with a clear spoke structure, mainly 6 to 12 spokes, with pulsing, as if they were alive and intentional (It’s a long video, but I recommend you to watch it minimum 5 minutes).
As I thought about this physical correlation between sonic frequencies and water and its manifestations on the water’s surface, I was reminded of another curious phenomenon called the Milk Crown.
When a drop of milk is dropped onto milk in a vessel, it exhibits a fascinating behaviour where the surface of the milk rises in a ring shape, reminiscent of a crown, creating a visually stunning pattern as shown in the image above.
I think everyone can remember the experience of playing as a child, for example, throwing a stone into the surface of a pond. At the moment the stone hits the water, a beautiful circular ripple spreads outward, overlapping and creating multiple layers endlessly.
When energy is emitted from a single point and its waves expand and spread to the surrounding area, the force is transmitted evenly in all directions 360 degrees from the centre, and the chain of waves naturally takes the form of a circle. In a sense, this is an interesting phenomenon, natural yet mysterious.
This ‘circularity’ in 360-degree energy transmission may also be at work, for example, in the ‘rainbow of seven colours’. The rainbow, as it is commonly known, is usually semi-circular, but when there is no obstacle – the ground – it takes the form of a perfect circle.
When I had thought this far, I was suddenly reminded of a passage in the Rig Veda.
Rig Veda 10. 81. 3 Vishvakarman
He who hath eyes on all sides round about him, a mouth on all sides, arms and feet on all sides,
He, the Sole God, producing earth and heaven, weldeth them, with his arms as wings, together.
Intratext.com
The ‘Sole God’, here called Vishvakarman, is none other than the later ‘Brahman, the Primordial One’. Does it not intuitively and brilliantly grasp the truth that energy waves emanating from a single point develop 360 degrees in equal progression? Though in a flat plane, it would be a 360-degree circle, in space, it means “in every three-dimensional direction”, so it would be a sphere…
I went on to ask the question: what about air? With water, it is easy to visualise the vibrational waves, but with air, it is much more difficult. But if we could visualise it, would the ripples of the chakras float as vividly as the surface of this cymatic water?
For example, the Nipponzan Myoho-ji Temple, which helped me a lot in India and has appeared several times in this book, is a Nichiren sect that performs the chanting of the Odaimoku while beating an Otaiko (drum). Whether it is a large drum or a fan drum, it is basically a circular shape and is usually struck in the middle, so that the sound waves should emanate from the centre of the drum, spread out to the surrounding area. If we could visualise it, what would the pattern be?
If a drum is beaten with a loud ‘boom’ in a room densely filled with fine powder and the moment is filmed with a high-speed camera, will the circular waves of chakra spread and advance in a pulsing motion, as in the manga-anime?
Furthermore, the vibrations should naturally spill over into the human body and resonate with the water that makes up 70% of the body, and if this could be visualised too, what form would it take? Just thinking about it makes me fun.
There is a German researcher, Alexander Lauterwasser, who seems to have mastered the study of cymatics. I don’t know much about it because I haven’t seen any detailed explanations, but it seems that among sounds, he uses sine waves to capture cymatic images of the water’s surface.
The video above shows a very precise and beautiful chakra pattern, which even rotates like a wheel or a microcosm. It explains that the central principle of the world is sound, and the basis of the cosmic order is sound and water.
In my case, I was reminded of the primordial ‘Aum Sound’ of the universe, and my mind was stirred a bit. Since ancient times, Vedic Indians have always nurtured their religiosity by chanting hymns, or sounds. If sound has some mystical power, it may have been easier for them to realise how it works.。
There is a physical phenomenon called the Chladni pattern, which occurs on the same principle as cymatics: when sand or other material is sprinkled on a steel plate and vibrations of various frequencies are transmitted, a similar geometric pattern appears.
Although the base plate is square, it often momentarily reveals a beautiful circular chakra design, which could also be related to the 360-degree expandability of the energy transmission. Why it has such an elaborate design is a mystery to me as a non-scholar.
There is also an interesting speech about this Chladni Pattern on TED, if you are interested.
Of course, the people of ancient India, dating back to the Indus, may not have actually seen the microstructure of snow, and it is highly probable that they did not know about cymatics. But am I the only one who feels that there was something there that could be called ‘intuited universal dharma’?
◆Dharma of Hexagon
Returning to snow crystals, this hexagon-based shape can be found universally in crystals of minerals such as quartz, in columnar joints formed by solidified lava, in the compound eyes of insects such as dragonflies, in beehives and turtle shells, as if it were some kind of firm providence inherent in the nature.
A honeycomb structure is a structure of regular hexagons or regular hexagonal prisms arranged without gaps. The name ‘honeycomb’ is derived from the fact that the honey-bee hive is shaped in this way.
Wikipedia
Honeycomb structures in nature world are found in beehives, insect compound eyes, tortoise shells and basalt columnar joints, etc.
And this is actually no exception for the cells of living organisms, including humans. Certain plant cells, as well as our somatic cells such as retinal pigment epithelial cells and liver cells, are also known to have a beautiful hexagonal shape.
I was very surprised to see that the liver cells are hexagonal, moreover, the model above looks like it would roll along as a wheel if you fitted a wheel rim on the outside, and it also overlaps perfectly with that Indus Chakra script (of course, this is just a simple shape association and there must be no correlation whatsoever…).
This geometrical shape of hexagon (with six-radial diagonal line) is apparently related to some principle called “Tessellation”.
The filling of a flat surface with one (or more) geometric figures without gaps is known as tessellation.
It was proven by the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras that when all having the same shape, only triangle, quadrilateral, and hexagon can completely fill a plane.
Of these triangular, square and hexagonal shapes, the regular hexagon has the largest area when the perimeters are the same length. This means that the greatest amount of honey can be stored in a hive made up of regular hexagons, using the same amount of beeswax. Living creatures make clever use of the laws of nature.◆The main characteristic of the honeycomb structure is shock absorption
Of the triangular, square and hexagonal shapes that can be used for tessellation, the triangle is the most superior in terms of ‘strength’.
However, when considered from the perspective of ‘force dispersion’ when subjected to force (impact) from one direction, it can be said that the hexagon has the best shock-absorbing properties, as it can disperse the impact in five directions and each side receives less force.
kasyu-kogyo.com
I have so far speculated that there was a period in ancient Western Eurasia when the six-spoke-wheel was dominant especially in the case of high-speed manoeuvring war chariots, and that it is highly likely that the Ratha chariots of the Aryans who invaded the Indian subcontinent had also predominantly six-spoke-wheel. The explanation quoted above has helped me to understand the principle quite clearly, which I had felt somehow until now.
The Hexagon has a higher affinity to perfect circle and at the same time has excellent shock-absorbing properties. The hexagonal shape was virtually created by supporting the inside of the wheel, which is equal to a perfect circle, with six spokes, to develop the strongest and lightest wheel with the highest impact resistance (or should we say the “six strongest triangles” built inside?).
More spokes would, in principle, increase strength, but the wheels would be heavier and the suspension would be decreased. The advantages of the spoke system would be lost, and the cost of materials and the manufacturing process would increase. On the other hand, three or four spokes would be technically unbalanced and too fragile. In other words, the six-spoke wheel was one of the optimum solutions of that era, achieved as a result of the search for rationality in various ways.
It may just be a misunderstanding, but if thinking about it on the basis of physics or the geometric principle = Dharma, it seems to me that the six-spoke wheel is somewhat fundamentally connected to the hexagonal six-radial design of the liver cells (:D).
◆The Revolving Macrocosm
So far we have seen various forms and phenomena similar to the wheel-chakra design that are omnipresent in nature, however, the universality of the chakra-wheel is not limited to its design.
It has been repeatedly mentioned that in the ancient Indian worldview, the Earth was understood as a circular ‘chakra-wheel body’ centred on Mount Sumeru. And when we leave our earthly consciousness and look down on the Earth from a higher perspective, we will realise that the Earth is rotating like a wheel.
Of course, it is not just the Earth, but all the planets rotate on their own axis, orbiting on concentric circles (some are misaligned..) around their central Star, the Sun, and their stellar systems also rotate and come together to form Star Clusters, which further come together to form the Galaxy, which also rotates and comes together to form the Supercluster.
Countless such rotating Cosmic Chakras, large and small, are clustered together in a nested structure, forming the entire Universe as if it were a grand lotus flower wheel mandala.
It is not only the macrocosm. The reality of the atom, the microcosm, is also nothing other than the motion of subatomic particles that continue to rotate endlessly around a definite centre, the nucleus.
And if we consider the ‘Big Bang’, believed to be the initial origin of the universe and all the matter that exists within it infinitely, it was precisely from an explosion that originated at a single focal point and rapidly expanded in all directions, giving birth to everything and setting it into motion.
The phenomenon of unfolding and rotating around a central axis, symbolized by the wheel. It was a universal Dharma (Providence) and Rita (Order) in this cosmic world, from the micro to the macro.
Just as if the Chakras activated by the Cosmic Energy, Devi Shakti, were opening within the body, the Cosmic Chakras in all dimensions continue to unfold and rotate by the mysterious workings of the macrocosm, which transcend human knowledge.
This was exactly in line with the Samkhya philosophy, which saw the root cause of this phenomenal world of samsara as the unfolding and transmutation of Prakriti.
Incidentally, the English word ‘universe’, meaning the cosmic world, is apparently a compound of uni, meaning ‘single’, and verse, derived from the Latin word ‘vertere’ meaning rotation/change. Latin is the common origin of European languages and has a very close relationship with the ancient Sanskrit of the Vedas. The word “vertere” shares the same origin with Sanskrit word “vart” or “vartana”, which has a strong nuance of “rotating of the wheel”.
Personally, I feel that there are remnants of the Chakra ideology of the Aryans who swept across Europe in their Ratha chariots. Anyway, it is very interesting that the original image of the word “universe” is a wheel that is constantly rotating and changing.
◆Wheel and Civilisation
In a corner of this ever-changing Cosmic Chakra, life was miraculously born four billion years ago on the Earth, which revolves around the central axis of the Sun and rotates on its own axis. It has continuously journeyed through the history of evolution, guided by the rhythms of time and seasons.
However, Life, which should have been the child of the Cosmic Chakra, ultimately failed to acquire a rotating wheel mechanism as a visible motor organ. With the first creation of this system by mankind, the history of Life has entered a whole new dimension.
Having acquired an external locomotor organ called the wheel, humans eventually developed the revolutionary spoke system and finally ascended to the highest stage of biological evolution as Homo sapiens. And, just as the ancient Indian thought intuited, this very wheel mechanism must be nothing other than the fundamental development factor=Prakriti that gave rise to the dynamic movement of our civilization system.
We are not very aware of this in our daily lives, but it was an obvious fact that the rotating wheel mechanism has always been the ‘most important core technology’ from long ago, the time of ancient civilisations to the global industrial society of today.
In the beginning, it was a ‘log roller’ to move heavy objects efficiently. Eventually, it evolved into a wooden disc-plate wheel, and sometime around 4000 years ago, the Indo-Aryan ancestors developed the high-performance wooden spoked wheel.
It was the driving force behind the creation of the great civilisations in the ancient Orient and was passed on to the Greeks and Romans and other civilisations throughout Eurasia. The history of how it gave rise to the majestic Chakra ideology in India has already been described.
Not only in India but in all Eurasian civilisations, the chariot with the spoked wheel became a major theme in sculpture and painting, symbolising a powerful warlord king or divine authority.
Of course, it was not merely a technology for warfare. As a means of transporting goods and people, as a windmill or waterwheel, as a pulley, a potter’s wheel, a spinning wheel or as a cogwheel for mechanical power transmission, it underpinned the movement of human society, bringing convenience and wealth to everyday life.
Its importance has remained unchanged in the modern era, when Material Science Civilization blossomed to a high degree following the Industrial Revolution, and it continues to consistently support social movements as the essential Core System.
Is there any machine in our lives that does not depend on a rotating wheel mechanism? Bicycles, motorbikes, cars, trains, and even flying aeroplanes depend on the rotary motion of their engines and of course, cannot even glide without wheels.
Furthermore, there are countless machines that work by means of propellers, born from the application of the wheel, starting from the familiar fans and washing machines to gigantic windmills and large tankers.
It is no different about the internal mechanisms. All machinery in motion, not only those mentioned above but also starting from analogue clocks to large factories, are given life by the rotation of engine motors and gears, which evolved from the wheel.
Whether it is hydroelectric, thermal, nuclear or wind power, all generating devices produce electricity through the rotation of turbines derived from the wheel. The fossil fuels that underpin modern civilisation are also brought to the surface by the rotating power of drills digging underground, and transported by the wheels of vehicles and the propellers of ships.
The mechanism of the rotating wheel is precisely what underpins all of civilization as its driving force. When I realized this fact, I stood there, stunned and dumbfounded, unable to utter a word, overwhelmed by the magnitude of the sensation.
◆Wheel that supports Life
And it was not only material civilisation that was supported by wheel-like rotating movements.
I have written before that living organisms have ultimately failed to acquire the mechanism of the rotating wheel as a visible locomotor organ. Indeed, looking at the biological world as a whole, there do not seem to be any organisms that move by means of the wheel system.
Yet, there was a startling truth lay concealed within.
I had been surfing the internet to find out more about the history of wheels, and as I read through the pages I happened to come across, I was struck by a sensation that made my skin crawl.
Our bodies are made up of approximately 60 trillion cells. From the most primitive single-celled organism to the human somatic cells, their activities are powered by an energy called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). And surprisingly, the system that metabolises ATP was precisely the mechanism of the rotating wheel (in its actual form it is more like a motor, but let’s call it a “wheel” here).
It is a nano-molecular wheel-motor, a few millionths of a millimetre in size. It rotates to synthesise and metabolise ATP, which has sustained all life activities, from bacteria to humans (within us too, at this very moment!).
Our results indicate that the c-subunit rotates in conjunction with the γ-subunit when the ATP synthase degrades ATP. This result suggests that, conversely, ‘with the transport of protons, the c-subunit rotates and simultaneously the γ-subunit rotates, and ATP is synthesised in the β-subunit in conjunction with this rotation’. The present study has made it possible to analyse ATP synthase at the single-molecule level. From our results, ATP synthase can be considered as a small motor possessed by living organisms. It will be very interesting to see how the application aspects of this motor will open up in the future.
The Institute of Industrial Science, Osaka University
The invisible, ultra-fine motor that keeps us all alive was a beautiful ‘Chakra’ with a definite centre from which it expanded and rotated in a circular-radial shape… Moreover, the beta subunit was divided into six parts and the rotating c subunit had a 12-division Chakra, and for me, I was already impressed just by looking at this design! (:D)
Similar to the ATP synthase motor, the flagellum, the locomotor organ (motility organelles) of bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli, is powered by a high-speed rotating mechanism called a ‘protein motor’, which seems to be related to the origin of the ATP synthase motor.
The bacterial cell surface layer has long, thin, helical fibre-like motile organs called flagella. They are supramolecular nanomachines composed of about 30 different proteins and have a structure similar to a screw propeller with a microscopic rotating motor.
JST Agency
It consists of three substructures: the basal body, which penetrates the cell membrane, the hook, which extends outside the cell, and the flagellar fibres. (1) The basal body is a rotary motor 40 nm in diameter and 50 nm long, and acts as the engine that moves the flagellum. (2) The flagellar fibres are helical fibres 23 nm in diameter and more than ten microns long, which rotate like a propeller to drive the movement of the bacteria. (3) The hook, as a universal joint 18 nm in diameter and 55 nm in length, connects the base and the flagellar fibres and transmits the rotation of the motor to the propeller.
We do not know when these microscopic rotating motor mechanisms were acquired in the four billion years of evolution of life on Earth, but there is no doubt that once they started rotating, they have never stopped for billions of years (still now!).
At this very moment, in our bodies, countless nano-sized Wheel-Motors continue to tick their rhythms. It was literally the ‘rotating unfolding force’ that has kept life on Earth itself alive.
Interestingly, in eukaryotes, the stage for ATP metabolism is the mitochondria that control cellular respiration (or Purana), and in the case of higher organisms that have sexual reproduction, including us humans, the mitochondria are derived from the mother’s egg. It was like a brilliant proof of the Samkhya philosophy that Prakriti Shakti, the feminine principle symbolised by the wheel, is the unfolding force of the entire phenomenal world called Samsara.
Here I was reminded. Lord Vishnu, who was in charge of maintaining the world, was the ‘All Pervading and Sustaining One’ of the three realms.
What exactly is the meaning of the Chakra (Wheel), its rotating movement and the circular-radial principle with a central axis? It exactly has permeated all dimensions of the world, both macrocosmic and microcosmic, unfolding, maintaining and promoting its movement.
Just as Krishna, while acting the role of the driver of the Ratha chariot ridden by Prince Arjuna, was actually the presiding deity “Brahman” himself, so the chakras, which symbolise divine authority in various forms, could be actually the very manifestation of divine providence itself which unfolds the universe as a whole.
It is as if the chakra (wheel), which was thought to only symbolise Dharma, was actually a manifestation of Divine Providence, Satya Dharma itself.
The original meaning of the word ‘Dharma’ was ‘that which supports and maintains the world’. Then the true meaning of the word ‘Dharma Chakra’ is none other than ‘the wheel that supports and maintains the world’.
Once again, I could not help but be deeply impressed by the sensitivity of the Indian people, who have always revered the Chakra=Wheel as a symbol of divine authority (Dharma) since time immemorial.
~to be continued~
INDIA~The Land of Holy Chakra 
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